Public record
Software health reportschema 0.34.0 · metrics 2.10.0 · 2026-09-08 22:28 UTC

narwhals-dev / narwhals

Lightweight and extensible compatibility layer between dataframe libraries!

PythonMIT★ 1,717 stars⑂ 220 forkssince Feb 2024View on GitHub ↗
KindLibraryhow this is determined
#cudf#ibis#pandas#polars#pyarrow#dask#duckdb#pyspark

narwhals-dev/narwhals holds a health index of 97 out of 100, placing it in the Exceptional band. It scores highest on Vitality (99/100) and lowest on Sustainability & Governance (66/100). It was last updated today. A single contributor accounts for most of its recent work.

97
overall / 100
Exceptional

Software health index

Metrics are grouped into weighted categories on one standardized 1–100 scale. Overall starts as their weighted mean, calibrated against the distribution of the public record so bands carry percentile meaning; when public evidence triggers the High-Risk Jurisdiction Policy, the rating is adjusted and receives an At Risk ceiling of 34.

97
Exceptional93-100The record's top tier (≈ top 5%); essentially all checked criteria met
Excellent80-92Strong across the board; minor gaps
Good65-79Healthy; gaps are limited and manageable
Moderate50-64Acceptable with notable gaps; review recommended
Weak35-49Material weaknesses across several areas
At Risk20-34Significant weaknesses; adoption warrants caution
Critical1-19Severe problems (abandoned, single-maintainer, no hygiene)
VitalityCommunity &AdoptionSustainability &GovernanceEngineeringQualitySecurityAI Readiness

Score profile

Each axis is a category. The shape matters more than the average — a healthy subject fills the whole shape, while a spike-and-crater profile means strength in one dimension is masking risk in another.

The weighted overall 85 is calibrated to 97 on the published index scale (record calibration 2026-08-02).

Ownership

narwhals-devOrganization
33 followers5 public repossince May 2024

This repository is backed by an organization — shared, accountable stewardship that can outlive any single maintainer.

Package ecosystems

RegistryPackageVersionDownloads / moVersionsLast publishTags
PyPInarwhals2.26.0137,843,2922430 days agodataframesinteroperabilitypandaspolarspyarrowdaskmodincudf

Metrics by category

Vitality

Is the project alive — is code being written and are releases shipping?

99Exceptional · 21% of overall

Development activity

99Exceptional
How it's scored
36/36Push recency — last push 0 days ago
35.3/36Commit cadence — 51/52 weeks with commits
18/18Commit volume — 443 commits in the last year
10/10OpenSSF Scorecard: Maintained — 30 commit(s) and 21 issue activity found in the last 90 days -- score normalized to 10
Inputs used
commits_last_year443
human_commit_share0.66
days_since_last_push0
active_weeks_last_year51

Release discipline

98Exceptional
How it's scored
27/27Ships releases — 100 releases published
36/36Release recency — latest release 0 days ago
27/27Release cadence — a release every ~17.2 days
8/10OpenSSF Scorecard: Signed-Releases — 5 out of the last 5 releases have a total of 5 signed artifacts.
Inputs used
releases_count100
latest_release_tagv2.26.0
releases_from_tagsno
days_since_latest_release0
mean_days_between_releases17.2

Community & Adoption

Does the project have users, downloads, attention, and a welcoming setup for contributors?

88Excellent · 17% of overall

Popularity & adoption

78Good
How it's scored
52.5/60Stars — 1,717 stars
19.5/25Forks — 220 forks
5.6/15Watchers — 11 watchers
Inputs used
forks220
stars1,717
watchers11
growth_stateunverified
growth_factor_pct100
growth_unverified_reasonno_history

Community health

92Excellent
How it's scored
22.5/22.5README
22.5/22.5License — recognized license (MIT)
18/18CONTRIBUTING guide
13.5/13.5Code of conduct
0/7.2Issue template
6.3/6.3PR template
Inputs used
has_readmeyes
has_licenseyes
readme_badges4
has_contributingyes
has_issue_templateno
has_code_of_conductyes
readme_badge_servicesapi.securityscorecards.dev, badge.fury.io, shields.io
has_pull_request_templateyes

Ecosystem adoption (downloads)

100Exceptional
How it's scored
80/80Monthly downloads — 137,843,292 downloads/month across pypi
0/20Registry dependents — not reported by this ecosystem
Inputs used
packagesnarwhals
dependents—
ecosystemspypi
total_downloads—
monthly_downloads137,843,292
unverified_packages_excluded—
Excluded from scoring (no data or not applicable): Registry dependents. Remaining weights renormalized.

Sustainability & Governance

Will the project survive its people — bus factor, responsiveness, who backs it, and package upkeep?

66Good · 23% of overall

Maintainer resilience (bus factor)

43Weak
How it's scored
9/54Bus factor — 1 contributor(s) cover half of all commits
10.6/22.5Commit distribution — top contributor authored 53% of commits
13.5/13.5Contributor breadth — 96 contributors
10/10OpenSSF Scorecard: Contributors — project has 20 contributing companies or organizations
Inputs used
bus_factor1
contributors_sampled96
top_contributor_share0.527

Issue & PR responsiveness

83Excellent
How it's scored
34.1/42Issue resolution — 81% of issues closed
27.9/30PR acceptance — 2,627/2,829 decided PRs merged
10.1/13Newcomer PR acceptance — 7/9 first-time contributors' PRs merged in 30d
10.5/15OpenSSF Scorecard: Code-Review — Found 14/18 approved changesets -- score normalized to 7
Inputs used
merged_prs2,627
open_issues192
closed_issues827
prs_merged_7d15
prs_decided_7d15
prs_merged_30d38
prs_decided_30d42
issue_closed_ratio0.812
closed_unmerged_prs202
first_time_authors_30d5
first_time_prs_merged_30d7
first_time_prs_decided_30d9

Ownership & stewardship

51Moderate
How it's scored
30/30Ownership backing — organization-owned
0/20Verified domain
11/25Owner reach — 33 followers of narwhals-dev
10.3/25Track record — 5 public repos, account ~2 yr old
Inputs used
followers33
owner_typeOrganization
is_verifiedno
owner_loginnarwhals-dev
public_repos5
account_age_days855

Package maintenance

100Exceptional
How it's scored
25/25Published & resolvable — 1 package(s) on pypi
35/35Publish recency — latest publish 0 days ago
20/20Version history — 243 published versions
20/20Not deprecated — active, not deprecated or yanked
Inputs used
packagesnarwhals
ecosystemspypi
any_deprecatedno
min_days_since_publish0

Engineering Quality

Are baseline engineering and documentation practices in place?

96Exceptional · 19% of overall

Engineering practices

94Exceptional
How it's scored
24/24CI workflows — 19 workflow(s)
24/24Tests present
16/16Linter config — pyproject.toml ([tool.ruff])
9.6/9.6Pre-commit hooks
0/6.4.editorconfig
20/20OpenSSF Scorecard: CI-Tests — 30 out of 30 merged PRs checked by a CI test -- score normalized to 10
Inputs used
has_ciyes
has_testsyes
has_editorconfigno
has_linter_configyes
has_precommit_configyes

Documentation

100Exceptional
How it's scored
30/30README
25/25Documentation directory
15/15Documentation / homepage site — https://narwhals-dev.github.io/narwhals/
10/10Repository description
10/10Topics — 8 topics
10/10Wiki
Inputs used
topicscudf, ibis, pandas, polars, pyarrow, dask, duckdb, pyspark
has_wikiyes
homepagehttps://narwhals-dev.github.io/narwhals/
docs_sitehttps://narwhals-dev.github.io/narwhals/
has_readmeyes
has_docs_diryes
has_descriptionyes

Security

Are visible security and supply-chain practices strong, without unresolved high-risk jurisdiction exposure?

78Good · 16% of overall

Security posture

73Good
How it's scored
7.5/7.5Binary-Artifacts — no binaries found in the repo
4.5/7.5Branch-Protection — branch protection is not maximal on development and all release branches
2.5/2.5CI-Tests — 30 out of 30 merged PRs checked by a CI test -- score normalized to 10
0.5/2.5CII-Best-Practices — badge detected: InProgress
5.2/7.5Code-Review — Found 14/18 approved changesets -- score normalized to 7
2.5/2.5Contributors — project has 20 contributing companies or organizations
10/10Dangerous-Workflow — no dangerous workflow patterns detected
7.5/7.5Dependency-Update-Tool — update tool detected
0/5Fuzzing — project is not fuzzed
2.5/2.5License — license file detected
7.5/7.5Maintained — 30 commit(s) and 21 issue activity found in the last 90 days -- score normalized to 10
5/5Packaging — packaging workflow detected
4/5Pinned-Dependencies — dependency not pinned by hash detected -- score normalized to 8
5/5SAST — SAST tool is run on all commits
5/5Security-Policy — security policy file detected
6/7.5Signed-Releases — 5 out of the last 5 releases have a total of 5 signed artifacts.
0/7.5Token-Permissions — detected GitHub workflow tokens with excessive permissions
1.5/7.5Vulnerabilities — 8 existing vulnerabilities detected
Inputs used
sourceopenssf_scorecard
checks_evaluated18
scorecard_versionv5.5.0
checks_inconclusive0
scorecard_aggregate7.3

Dependency advisories

100Exceptional
How it's scored
35/35Direct dependencies free of known advisories — no direct dependency carries a known advisory
0/25Indirect dependencies free of known advisories — transitive set not separable from development and test dependencies in this scope
0/40No advisories left outstanding — no advisory carries a publication date
Inputs used
sourceosv
advisories19
affected_packages9
assessed_packages176
unassessed_packages12
affected_by_severitycritical 2, high 1, moderate 4, unknown 2
direct_affected_packages0
Excluded from scoring (no data or not applicable): Indirect dependencies free of known advisories, No advisories left outstanding. Remaining weights renormalized. Matched 176 resolved dependencies against OSV. 12 could not be assessed — no resolved version, an unsupported ecosystem, or beyond the reported package list. This repository publishes no package the index resolves, so the repository dependency graph was assessed instead. That graph mixes development and test pins with shipped dependencies, so only the declared runtime dependencies are scored; transitive findings are reported as context and excluded from the score. Reachability is not analyzed.

AI Readiness

How well is the repo equipped to be developed and maintained with AI coding agents? Carries a deliberately small weight (4%): agent tooling is a real maintenance signal, but a repository with none can still reach 100/100.

87Excellent · 4% of overall

Agent context & guidance

85Excellent
How it's scored
45/45Agent instructions — AGENTS.md
0/15Machine-readable docs (llms.txt)
40/40Legible commit history — 66 of 66 human commits state their intent (structured subject or explanatory body)
Inputs used
has_llms_txtno
llms_txt_url—
legible_history_share1
agent_instruction_filesAGENTS.md
agent_instruction_max_bytes8,417

Verify loop (build / test / typecheck)

90Excellent
How it's scored
18/18One-command bootstrap — Makefile
22/22Automated tests
11/11Lint / format config — pyproject.toml ([tool.ruff])
11/11Static type checking — packages/test-plugin/src/test_plugin/py.typed, src/narwhals/py.typed
10/10Reproducible environment — lockfile
2/10Demonstrated agent practice — 1 of the last 100 commits agent-authored or agent-credited
8/8Automated maintenance — 28 of the last 100 commits are automated dependency updates
8/10OpenSSF Scorecard: Pinned-Dependencies — dependency not pinned by hash detected -- score normalized to 8
Inputs used
has_nixno
has_testsyes
lockfilesuv.lock
has_dockerfileno
typed_languageno
bootstrap_filesMakefile
has_devcontainerno
has_linter_configyes
typecheck_configspackages/test-plugin/src/test_plugin/py.typed, src/narwhals/py.typed
agent_commit_share0.01
toolchain_manifests—
dependency_bot_commit_share0.28

Code legibility for models

82Excellent
How it's scored
27/45Type-checkable code — Python with type-check config (packages/test-plugin/src/test_plugin/py.typed, src/narwhals/py.typed)
54.5/55Manageable file sizes — 5/526 source files over 60KB
Inputs used
primary_languagePython
largest_source_bytes139,785
source_files_sampled526
oversized_source_files5

Key facts

1,717GitHub stars
96contributors
443commits, last 12 months
0days since last push
100releases
1bus factor
192open issues
PyPIpackage ecosystems

Data collection warnings

  • Star history unavailable: GitHub GraphQL error: Resource not accessible by personal access token
  • deps.dev does not index pypi:narwhals@2.26.0; advisories assessed against the repository dependency graph instead

More detail

Star and fork history 0 ★ / 220 ⇿
0Stars
220Forks
99Releases

When each star and fork was added, collected from GitHub and bucketed by day. Cumulative growth sits directly above the daily additions it is made of, so the two read against each other: steady organic accretion looks nothing like an abrupt, short-lived burst. Where that difference is measurable, it is reported as growth authenticity.

04080120160200240219212024-032025-062026-09
Major 1Minor 59Patch 39

Each point covers 3 days.

OpenSSF Scorecard 7.3 / 10
7.3aggregate

Independent, tool-agnostic security assessment from the open-source OpenSSF Scorecard. Each check rewards a security practice, not a specific vendor's tool. Checks Scorecard could not determine are marked n/a and excluded from the security score (never counted as zero).Scorecard v5.5.0 · 2026-09-08 22:28 UTC

10Binary-Artifactsno binaries found in the repo
6Branch-Protectionbranch protection is not maximal on development and all release branches
10CI-Tests30 out of 30 merged PRs checked by a CI test -- score normalized to 10
2CII-Best-Practicesbadge detected: InProgress
7Code-ReviewFound 14/18 approved changesets -- score normalized to 7
10Contributorsproject has 20 contributing companies or organizations
10Dangerous-Workflowno dangerous workflow patterns detected
10Dependency-Update-Toolupdate tool detected
0Fuzzingproject is not fuzzed
10Licenselicense file detected
10Maintained30 commit(s) and 21 issue activity found in the last 90 days -- score normalized to 10
10Packagingpackaging workflow detected
8Pinned-Dependenciesdependency not pinned by hash detected -- score normalized to 8
10SASTSAST tool is run on all commits
10Security-Policysecurity policy file detected
8Signed-Releases5 out of the last 5 releases have a total of 5 signed artifacts.
0Token-Permissionsdetected GitHub workflow tokens with excessive permissions
2Vulnerabilities8 existing vulnerabilities detected
All dependencies 188

Full resolved dependency set from the GitHub dependency graph: 0 direct and 188 indirect (transitive) packages. The transitive closure is complete when the repository commits a lockfile.

RegistryPackageVersionRelation
PyPIast-serialize0.10.0indirect
PyPIatpublic7.0.0indirect
PyPIcachetools7.1.8indirect
PyPIclick8.5.0indirect
PyPIcloudpickle3.1.2indirect
PyPIcolorama0.4.6indirect
PyPIcovdefaults2.3.0indirect
PyPIcoverage7.16.0indirect
PyPIcuda-bindings12.9.7indirect
PyPIcuda-core0.7.0indirect
PyPIcuda-core1.2.0indirect
PyPIcuda-pathfinder1.8.1indirect
PyPIcuda-python12.9.7indirect
PyPIcuda-toolkit12.9.2.0indirect
PyPIcudf-cu12—indirect
PyPIcudf-cu1226.2.1indirect
PyPIcudf-cu1226.8.1indirect
PyPIcupy-cuda12x14.2.0indirect
PyPIdask—indirect
PyPIdask2024.10.0indirect
PyPIdask2026.8.0indirect
PyPIdask-expr1.1.16indirect
PyPIdeepmerge3.0.1indirect
PyPIduckdb—indirect
PyPIduckdb1.1.0indirect
PyPIduckdb1.2.0indirect
PyPIduckdb1.3.0indirect
PyPIduckdb1.5.5indirect
PyPIexceptiongroup1.3.1indirect
PyPIexecnet2.1.2indirect
PyPIfsspec2026.7.0indirect
PyPIghp-import2.1.0indirect
PyPIgoogleapis-common-protos1.75.3indirect
PyPIgriffelib2.3.0indirect
PyPIgrpcio1.83.1indirect
PyPIgrpcio-status1.83.1indirect
PyPIhypothesis6.167.1indirect
PyPIibis-framework—indirect
PyPIibis-framework12.0.0indirect
PyPIimportlib-metadata9.0.1indirect
PyPIiniconfig2.3.0indirect
PyPIjinja23.1.6indirect
PyPIjoblib1.6.0indirect
PyPIlibcudf-cu1226.2.1indirect
PyPIlibcudf-cu1226.8.1indirect
PyPIlibkvikio-cu1226.2.0indirect
PyPIlibkvikio-cu1226.8.0indirect
PyPIlibrmm-cu1226.2.0indirect
PyPIlibrmm-cu1226.8.0indirect
PyPIlibrt0.15.0indirect
PyPIllvmlite0.44.0indirect
PyPIllvmlite0.46.0indirect
PyPIlocket1.0.0indirect
PyPImarkdown3.10.3indirect
PyPImarkdown-exec1.12.3indirect
PyPImarkdown-it-py4.2.0indirect
PyPImarkupsafe3.0.3indirect
PyPImdurl0.1.2indirect
PyPImergedeep1.3.4indirect
PyPImkdocs1.6.1indirect
PyPImkdocs-autorefs1.4.4indirect
PyPImkdocs-get-deps0.2.2indirect
PyPImkdocstrings1.0.6indirect
PyPImkdocstrings-python—indirect
PyPImkdocstrings-python2.0.8indirect
PyPImodin0.23.1.post0indirect
PyPImodin0.37.1indirect
PyPImore-itertools11.1.0indirect
PyPImypy2.1.0indirect
PyPImypy2.3.1indirect
PyPImypy-extensions1.1.0indirect
PyPInarwhals2.26.0indirect
PyPInodeenv1.10.0indirect
PyPInumba0.61.2indirect
PyPInumba0.64.0indirect
PyPInumba-cuda0.22.2indirect
PyPInumba-cuda0.30.4indirect
PyPInumba-cuda-mlir0.5.1indirect
PyPInumpy1.21.4indirect
PyPInumpy1.22.0indirect
PyPInumpy1.24.4indirect
PyPInumpy2.2.6indirect
PyPInumpy2.4.6indirect
PyPInumpy2.5.3indirect
PyPInvidia-cublas-cu1212.9.2.10indirect
PyPInvidia-cuda-cccl-cu1212.9.27indirect
PyPInvidia-cuda-nvcc-cu1212.9.86indirect
PyPInvidia-cuda-nvrtc-cu1212.9.86indirect
PyPInvidia-cuda-runtime-cu1212.9.79indirect
PyPInvidia-cufft-cu1211.4.1.4indirect
PyPInvidia-cufile-cu121.14.1.1indirect
PyPInvidia-curand-cu1210.3.10.19indirect
PyPInvidia-cusolver-cu1211.7.5.82indirect
PyPInvidia-cusparse-cu1212.5.10.65indirect
PyPInvidia-libnvcomp-cu125.1.0.21indirect
PyPInvidia-libnvcomp-cu125.3.0.16indirect
PyPInvidia-nvjitlink-cu1212.9.86indirect
PyPInvtx0.2.16indirect
PyPIpackaging26.3indirect
PyPIpandas—indirect
PyPIpandas1.3.4indirect
PyPIpandas1.4.1indirect
PyPIpandas2.0.3indirect
PyPIpandas2.3.3indirect
PyPIpandas3.0.3indirect
PyPIpandas3.0.5indirect
PyPIpandas-stubs2.3.0.250703indirect
PyPIpandas-stubs2.3.3.260113indirect
PyPIpandas-stubs3.0.5.260730indirect
PyPIparsy2.2indirect
PyPIpartd1.4.2indirect
PyPIpathspec1.1.1indirect
PyPIplatformdirs4.11.7indirect
PyPIpluggy1.6.0indirect
PyPIpolars—indirect
PyPIpolars0.20.4indirect
PyPIpolars0.20.8indirect
PyPIpolars1.44.1indirect
PyPIpolars-runtime-321.44.1indirect
PyPIprek0.5.2indirect
PyPIprettytable3.18.0indirect
PyPIprotobuf7.36.1indirect
PyPIpsutil7.2.2indirect
PyPIpy4j0.10.9.7indirect
PyPIpyarrow—indirect
PyPIpyarrow13.0.0indirect
PyPIpyarrow14.0.0indirect
PyPIpyarrow15.0.0indirect
PyPIpyarrow23.0.1indirect
PyPIpyarrow25.0.1indirect
PyPIpyarrow-hotfix0.7indirect
PyPIpyarrow-stubs10.0.1.9indirect
PyPIpyarrow-stubs19.2indirect
PyPIpyarrow-stubs20.0.0.20260819indirect
PyPIpygments2.21.0indirect
PyPIpygments-ansi-color0.3.0indirect
PyPIpylibcudf-cu1226.2.1indirect
PyPIpylibcudf-cu1226.8.1indirect
PyPIpymdown-extensions11.0.2indirect
PyPIpyrefly1.0.0indirect
PyPIpyrefly1.2.0indirect
PyPIpyright1.1.411indirect
PyPIpyspark—indirect
PyPIpyspark3.5.0indirect
PyPIpytest9.1.1indirect
PyPIpytest-cov7.1.0indirect
PyPIpytest-env1.7.0indirect
PyPIpytest-randomly5.0.0indirect
PyPIpytest-xdist3.8.0indirect
PyPIpython-dateutil2.9.0.post0indirect
PyPIpython-dotenv1.2.3indirect
PyPIpytz2026.3.post1indirect
PyPIpyyaml6.0.3indirect
PyPIpyyaml-env-tag1.1indirect
PyPIrapids-logger0.2.3indirect
PyPIrich15.0.0indirect
PyPIrmm-cu1226.2.0indirect
PyPIrmm-cu1226.8.0indirect
PyPIruff0.16.6indirect
PyPIscikit-learn1.1.0indirect
PyPIscikit-learn1.3.0indirect
PyPIscikit-learn1.7.2indirect
PyPIscikit-learn1.9.0indirect
PyPIscipy1.15.3indirect
PyPIscipy1.17.1indirect
PyPIscipy1.18.1indirect
PyPIscipy1.7.3indirect
PyPIscipy1.8.0indirect
PyPIsetuptools84.0.0indirect
PyPIsix1.17.0indirect
PyPIsortedcontainers2.4.0indirect
PyPIsqlframe—indirect
PyPIsqlframe4.4.0indirect
PyPIsqlglot30.12.0indirect
PyPIsqlparse0.6.0indirect
PyPItest-plugin0.1.0indirect
PyPIthreadpoolctl3.6.0indirect
PyPItomli2.4.1indirect
PyPItoolz1.1.0indirect
PyPItypes-pytz2026.3.1.20260727indirect
PyPItyping-extensions4.16.0indirect
PyPItzdata2026.3indirect
PyPIuv-build—indirect
PyPIwatchdog6.0.0indirect
PyPIwcwidth0.8.3indirect
PyPIzensical—indirect
PyPIzensical0.0.59indirect
PyPIzipp4.1.0indirect
Dependency advisories 9

This repository publishes no package the index resolves, so its own dependency graph was assessed — 176 packages, which also include development and test pins that never ship: 9 carry known advisories, of which 0 are direct. 12 could not be assessed — no resolved version, an unsupported ecosystem, or beyond the reported package list.

PackageVersionRelationSeverityAdvisoriesFixed in
pyarrow13.0.0indirectcritical317.0.0
pyarrow14.0.0indirectcritical317.0.0
pyarrow15.0.0indirecthigh323.0.1
numpy1.21.4indirectmoderate11.22
pyspark3.5.0indirectmoderate23.5.2
scikit-learn1.1.0indirectmoderate21.5.0
scikit-learn1.3.0indirectmoderate21.5.0
scipy1.7.3indirectunknown21.10.0
scipy1.8.0indirectunknown11.10.0

An advisory means the version recorded in the dependency graph falls inside an advisory’s affected range. Reachability is not analysed, and the graph includes development and test pins — a finding may concern tooling rather than shipped software.

Raw JSON report machine-readable

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Scores are signals, not warranties. They reflect publicly visible practices on GitHub — not a code audit, and not a security guarantee.

Missing data is excluded and weights renormalized, never scored as zero. Methodology is versioned and open: metrics v2.10.0, schema v0.34.0 — full methodology · metrics wiki.

How one result sits in the wider record: aggregate statistics — PyPI.